( 1E. Khazaei, Ph.D., 2A. Sohrabi, MSPH )
1- Civil Engineering Department , School of Engineering , Sistan and Baluchestan University
2- Environmental Health Engineering Department, School of Health , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
In this article the groundwater aquifer of Zahedan as the sole source of various applications was bacteriologically investigated. This investigation is based on field and laboratory studies and existing data. The results of this study show that 33% of the samples were positive in terms of total coliforms and 11% of the samples contained fecal coliform.
Meanwhile the findings of experiments conducted in 1379 indicate that the rate and type of contamination varies with the aquifier water level fluctuations in different seasons.
Groundwater and surface water are the major water resources being utilized by human. Since the groundwater resources are considered as one of the most important water resources specially in arid and semi-arid zones, its quality should be preserved with more attention. Groundwater along its way through soil and rocks dissolves different kinds of salts such as iron and manganese which cause numerous problems for domestic and industrial usages. In this regard, aesthetic situation of water is one of the most noticeable issues. The presence of iron and manganese in drinking water produces red and brown colours, turbidity and tart taste; also , from the viewpoint of industrial usages, iron and mangnese cause the appearance of spots on industrial products such as paper ,film , dying and textile industries.
Aeration is considered as the simplest method for removal of iron and manganese. In this method , iron and manganese are exposed to 02 and hence oxidized to insoluble forms such as Fe(OH)2 and MnO2 . This research was performed to evaluate the method of aeration – filteration by setting up a pilot test. The pilot, comprising three chambers, had been constructed in form of rectangular cube with the height of 1 meter and profile of 15cm X 15cm. The chambers, separated by reticulated screen, were accommodating the media into themselves.
This research was conducted through three steps, using different medias such as crushed stone, gravel, sand , fine sand and very fine sand whose orders in the chambers were alternating through the operation of each experiment. Water samples with concentration of 0.5 , 1 , 3.5, 5, 8 and 10 mg/L of iron, and concentration of 0.25 , 0.5 ,1 , 2 and 3.5 mg/L of manganese were prepared separately; likewise, mixed concentrations of iron and manganese were prepared.
The pilot tests were conducted at constant temperature of 22±1 ºc , and SOR (surface overflow rate) of 0.134, 0.108 , 0.086 and 0.042 m3/m2 . min; pH was made to vary between 7.5 – 9.5. The third experiment, in which crushed stone, sand and fine sand were used respectively, downwards, was considered the best for a successful operation. In this situation, the best achieved results for iron and mangnese removal were 95.9% and 84.8% ,respectively.
The results indicated that this method possessed high efficiency for iron removal with average concentration of up to 708 mg/L, but was not competent to remove manganese. Therefore, to remove different concentrations of iron and manganese simultaneously, utilization of an oxidant such as chlorine is recommended.
( 1A. Eslamee, Eng , 2A.H. Mahvee, Ph.D., 2S. Naserie, Ph.D., 2K. Naddafei, Ph.D. )
1- Zanjan University
2- Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering , Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Keywords : Groundwater, Iron , Manganese, Removal Abstract :
Ground water and surface water are the major water resources being utilized by human . Since the ground water resources are considered as one of the most important water resources especially in arid and semi-arid zones, its quality should be preserved with more attention . Ground water along its Path through soil and rocks dissolves different kinds of salts such as iron and manganese , which cause problems for domestic and industrial usages. In this regard, aesthetic situation of water is one of the most noticeable issues. The [presence of iron and manganese in drinking water produces red and brown colours , turbidity and tart taste; also , from the viewpoint of industrial usages, iron and manganese cause the appearance of spots on industrial products such as paper, film, dying and textile industries.
Aeration is considered as the simplest method for iron and manganese removal. In this method , iron and manganese are exposed to O2 and hence oxidized to insoluble forms such as Fe(OH)2 and MnO2 . This research was performed to evaluate the method of aeration – filtration by setting up a pilot test. The pilot, comprising of three chambers, was constructed in the form of rectangular cube with the height of 1 meter and profile of 15 cm x 15 cm . The chambers, were separated by reticulated screen. Were accommodating into themselves?
This research was conducted through three steps, using different medias such as crushed stone . gravel, sand, fine sand and very fine sand whose orders in the chambers were alternating through the operation of each experiment . Water samples with concentration of 0.5 , 1 , 3.5 , 5.8 and 10 mg/L of iron and concentration of 0.25 , 0.5 , 1 , 2 and 3.5 mg/L of manganese were prepared separately: likewise , mixed concentration of iron and manganese were prepared.
The pilot tests were conducted at constant temperature of 22 1c , and SOR (Surface overflow rate) of 0.134 , 0.108 , 0.086 and 0.042 m3/m2, min; also , pH was made to vary between 7.5 – 9.5 . The third experiment , in which crushed stone, sand and fine sand were used respectively downwards, was considered as the best for a successful operation. In this situation, the best achieved results for iron and manganese removal were 95.9% and 84.8% respectively .
The results indicated that this method possessed high efficiency for iron removal with average concentration of up to 7-8 mg/L, but wasn’t competent to remove manganese. Therefore , to remove different concentrations of iron and manganese simultaneously , utilization of an oxidant such as chlorine is recommended.
( 1A. Esmaili, Ph.D., 2J. Noori, Ph.D., 3H. Laghaei, Ph.D., 4A. Kazemi, Ph.D. )
1- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
2- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
3- Faculty of Art, University of Tehran
4- College of the Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
Ecologic carrying capacity is the evaluation of the land potentials and the capacity determination of its natural application by the human. The evaluation of ecological carrying capacity of Chitgar Park, one of the oldest and largest parks in Tehran, has been carried out with the intention of adopting an environmental plan to do away with the existing deficiencies and shortcomings and consequently achieve optimal exploitation.
Thus ,three applications of forestry, intensive and extensive recreation, which are closest to this objective, were chosen, and having completed reconnaissance missions , the maps of the park resources were prepared. In the next stage , by overlaying inclination percentage maps, on heights from sea level and geographical coordinates, maps of physical capacity were land – drawn. After waves by comparing, physical capacity maps, soil analysis and plant population, basic ecological maps and ultimately the final map of Chitgar park was prepared. Next ,the characteristics of environmental units were compared and contrasted with ecological models, which are the customary type, in Iran. Then, map applications were prepared and finally after zoning the park, a respective data bank was established.
The results of this research indicate that the whole park, except for those Units without any plantation, is of 3 and 4 forestry capacity and the whole area is of 1 and 2 capacity of extensive recreation. For the purpose of intensive recreation, except for the units of high inclination and High Voltage routes, the rest of the area is of land 2 recreation capacity. At the end , The applications of Chitgar Park were divided into 5 classifications including forestry, extensive recreation, intensive recreation , forestry , extensive recreation and forestry and intensive recreation.
( 1G. Fathi, Ph.D., 2K. Rezaei Moghaddam, 3A. Abdali Mashhadi )
1- Assistant Professor, College of Ramin Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz
2- Ph.D Student of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University
3- Master of Science in Agronomy, College of Ramin Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz
Sustainable development has become an issue of great scientific significance in social, economic and political concepts. However, sustainable development is based on equitable usage of resources by present and future generations.
One of the concepts of sustainable development is sustainable agriculture which refers to production increase ,protection of environmental quality and conservation of soil and water. Sustainability is a technique for food productions and a cultural, social , ecological , economical and philosophical concept. Therefore emphasis on advantages of these parameters in order to reach sustainability is very important.
This paper explains these sustainability concepts which are useful for researchers in agricultural sector.
( 1M. Shariat, Ph.D., 2J. Hassan Nejad, M.S., 2M.A. Ashtiani, M.S. )
1- Azad Islamic University 2- Moshanir
Keywords : Assessment , Development Impact, Rafsanjan Abstract :
Rafsanjan province, with 8400 km2, has four significant ecosystems. High mountainous areas with copper ores , valleys and steep slopes with grassland of types 3 or 4, vast plains with lots of pistachio trees and other agricultural products and finally wide (desserts) with low? silty saline and alkali lands. In a survey, the environmental inventory of the entire province, from physical condition to biological, social, economical and cultural conditions were gathered and classified.
Existing environmental pollutants are investigated and other big projects in the district are mentioned. Six development alternatives are proposed for each sub- regions especially around cities of Rafsanjan, Anar , Kashkouieh and Sarcheshmeh, such as : Residential, industrial , agricultural development , controlled ecotourism, and mixture of two or three alternatives in one area, according to its potentials and conditions. Environmental Impact Assessment is carried out for each alternative in each sub-region and analyzed by matrix method followed by a simple check – list. In the final conclusion, the best practice in each sub-region of the city of Rafsanjan, is recommended. As an example, south- west of Rafsanjan has the best potential for agro – industries and urban development is the best alternative at the east of the city.
Finally, mitigation measures and managerial mental practices are proposed , for implementing each alternative.
The Effect of Bioaerosols on air quality, health and the environment could be traced far back into the Persian medical history . Bioaerosols are affected by environmental factors (e.g. sun light, temperature, humidity, pollutants and wind) and their viability are decreased. Aerobiology is the science concerning with interaction of bioaerosls (pathogens and allergens) and the environment ; the bioaerosol survival , recovery, pattern of dissemination and aerial transport.
This paper presents a review of aerobiological science, which is pertinent to the environmental and health science studies.
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