The study of municipal solid waste landfills in Tehran using Oleckno method
Seyyed Masood Monavari
Faculty
of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
Nematollah Khorassani
Faculty
of Natural Resources, Tehran University
Ghassem Ali Omrani
School of Public
Health, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences
Parinaz Arbab
Faculty
of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Campus, Islamic
Abstract
Considering the irregular
development of cities, improper consumption patterns, increasing production of
waste, and deficiencies in waste management systems, the most logical and the
least costly method for disposing of municipal wastes is sanitary landfill.
Despite the possibility of
employing the composting process, landfills are used in the
In
this research, landfill sites have been visited in all the cities of
In
this study, Oleckno Method has been used. The
evaluation of landfills by this method shows that the conditions in most cities
are desirable; others are relatively acceptable, and the rest are unacceptable.
Key
words: landfill site, municipal solid waste, Oleckno,
Modeling the emission of particulate matter using ADMS-Urban
Farideh Atabi*
Majid Abbaspour**
Abdolreza Karbasi*
Seyyed Alireza Haji Mirza Hosseini*
*Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
**Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology
Abstract
Toady,
one of the main factors contributing to the air pollution in such metropolises
as Tehran are the suspended particles resulting from automobiles, heavy traffic
on the roads, and different industrial
activities.
Particulate
matter (PM) is a generic term used to describe a complex group of air
pollutants that vary in size and composition, depending on the location and the
time of their dispersion. The PM mixture of fine airborne solid particles and
liquid droplets (aerosols) include components of nitrates, sulfates, elemental
carbon, organic carbon compounds, acid aerosols, trace metals, and geological
materials.
ADMS-Urban is an advanced model which is used for calculating concentrations of pollutants emitted continuously from
point, line, volume, and area sources and of pollutants emitted intermittently
from point sources.
The model is an advanced Gaussian-type model and uses Gaussian
distribution for such concentrations and is recommended for regulatory use for
multiple buoyant or passive industrial emissions from urban or rural areas of
flat or complex terrains with transport distances less than 50 km and periods
of time ranging from a few seconds to a year.
The percentage of the suspended particles and meteorological
parameters such as the speed and direction of the wind, temperature, and cloud
cover were measured for the city’s municipality District 22 over a year, twice
in a day (morning and afternoon), and for one week in each month. The data were
collected at 13 mobile measurement stations during the critical time of traffic
(the time with the highest rate of density and dispersion of suspended
particles in the air).
The obtained results were presented in the GIS environment of the
District because of the availability of sheets in that environment. The output
of this mathematical model was compared with the inventory model (databank) of
the air pollution in District 22. The results showed a similarity between the output
of the mathematical modeling and the real measured data.
This
model has been used for the first time for modeling the pattern of particles
emission in
Key words: particulate matter emission, mathematical models, ADMS Model, inventory
Sustainability approach in
the urban context
Farah Habib
Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
Email: frh_habib@ yahoo.Com
Abstract
Certain concepts such as “urbanization”,
“citizenship”, “civilization”, “politics”, and “democracy” have come into
existence with the emergence of cities. That is why cities should be suitable
places for human life, harmony with nature, future generations, group
cooperation, social interaction, and cultural exaltation. But today, the word
has become synonymous with “pollution”, “environmental destruction”,
“disorganization”, “disturbance”, “violence”, and “social disintegration”.
While the city is a place where we are born, grow up, get educated, work, live,
experience, wish, make the future and the future generations, and have social
intercourse with others, we notice that our past citizenship with its numerous
positive features has undergone fundamental changes--especially in such
concepts as traditional citizenship and civilization--as a result of the recent
great transformations. Therefore, the principles and values governing the
construction of our cities in the past were forgotten before having the chance
to conform to the new conditions. They need to be revived.
In this article, some key definitions have been
reviewed and it has been attempted to look at the concept of sustainability
within the structure of urbanization in a novel way. That is, besides the
environmental, ecological, and energy issues within the four major fields of
education, structural physical schemes, management, and codification of laws
and regulations, the article presents a sustainability approach with an
emphasis on social interactions. Moreover, certain suggestions have been made
within the context of urbanization.
Key words: sustainability, social interaction, neighborhoods, sense of belonging to a place, suitable place for social interaction.
Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of three added compounds to Sirri field crude oil, by salmonella thyphimurium (Ames test)
Mojhgan Emtiazjoo
Faculty of Marine
Sciences, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University
Atena Khanafari
Faculty of Basic
Sciences, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University
Sara Abedin
Faculty of Microbiology, Basic science, Science and
Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
Sara Eshghabadi
Falaat’e Ghaare Oil
Company
Abstract
Petroleum and the chemicals used for its
proceessing from drilling to transfer may have mutagenic, carcinogenic or high
toxic effects. Entering the aqusatic environment, these compounds affect food
networks and human beings.
In this study, the genotoxic effects of
oil soluble corrosion inhibitors, demulsifiers, and defoamers used during oil
processing are examined by Ames test,
using salmonella thyphimurium strains in the presence and absence of liver
microsomal fraction (S9).
Genotoxicity was evaluated by TA100, TA97
and TA1545 strains of salmonella thyphimurium and plate incorporation method.
The results showed that demulsifiers and
oil soluble corrosion inhibitors were genotoxic at 10 ml dose and toxic at higher doses. Defoamers were reported
as a mutagen and carcinogen at 10 ml and 100 ml doses.
In general, adding such chemical
compounds to crude oil and injected water leads to an increase in genotoxic or
toxic effects.
Key words: petroleum, demulsifier, genotoxic, salmonella thyphimurium, Ames test
The environmental study of airborne sulphates in a petrochemical complex
Hassan
Asiliyan*
Ali Khavanin*
Seyyed Bagher Mortazavi
Soghrat Faghihzadeh**
Rasool Yarahmadi*
*
Faculty of -------------------, Tarbiat Modarress University
**Faculty
of ------------------, Tarbiat Modarress University
Abstract
Due to their physical and chemical properties, sulphur compounds and derivatives are among the most commonly
used matters in chemical, paper manufacturing, and acid production industries
and the main sources for the emission of these compounds are the power plants
and the ground transportation systems. The identification and measurement of
the airborne sulphates as one of the environmental
problems is of great importance.
Aimed at measuring these sulphates,
this study was performed over the two seasons of spring and summer in the open
areas of a petrochemical complex.
For the measurement of airborne sulphates under psychometric conditions, a method approved
by the EPA was employed: “the measurement and evaluation of airborne sulfates
by using tourin as the titration indicator”.
Then, the model of air pollution in each season
was drawn graphically with indicators showing the concentration and the place
of measurements and indicators that showed the interference of psychometric
factors.
The measurement of airborne sulphates
in the open areas of the petrochemical complex show that the average figures
for sulphates concentration are 250 μg/m3 and 294 μg/m3 in the spring and in the
summer, respectively. The results show that the figures for both seasons are
more than the standard limit permitted by the EPA (150
μg/m3).
The concentration of airborne sulphates in the open areas of the complex shows a
meaningful positive relationship with the dry temperature of the environment
(P<0.05, r=0.975) and a significant negative relationship with the velocity
of the wind (P<0.01, r=-0.85).
Key words: airborne sulphates, psychometric, wind velocity, dry temperature
The study of water quality in Karaj River in terms of the diversity of macroinvertebrate families
Seyyed Hadi Khatami*
Environmental Protection Organization
Borhan Riazi**
Seyyed Ali Modiri Assari**
Facaulty of Environment and Energy, Science
and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
Abstract
With regard to the ever-increasing importance of the
researches on the quality of water, the study of benthic macroinvertebrates
seems to be essential as they are complementary indicators for chemical methods
of pollution determination.
In this research, to evaluate the water quality of the
Key words: quality of water, Karaj River, benthic, bioindicators
Theoretical modeling of lateral spread of 3-D density
currents containing unsteady particles
Seyyed Mohammad Reza Moossavi Hekmati
Shahr-e Ray Branch, Islamic Azad University
[email protected]
Manoochehr Rad
Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology
[email protected]
Bahar Firoozabadi
Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology
[email protected]
Abstract
Density current is one of the natural phenomena, which plays an important role in the emission of pollution. Therefore, understanding the behavior of this phenomenon is important for the prediction and control of such emission. In this paper, the spread of three-dimensional, turbulent and unsteady inclined turbidity currents has been investigated. The experimental results were normalized in the form of non-dimensional plots and then a theoretical model was presented. The current width b vs distance x from the source was normalized with respect to the initial buoyancy length scale, and the related time was normalized with respect to the initial buoyancy time scale. The results show that in the plots of non-dimensional current width vs non-dimensional distance and non-dimensional time, two regimes R1 and R2 are distinguished. This indicates that in these two regimes, the amount and type of the balanced forces are different. In regime R1, the rate of lateral growth is less than that in regime R2, while the current width in R1 and R2 regimes are proportional to and , respectively.
Key words: turbidity current, theoretical modeling, unsteady lateral spread
Industrial solid waste management in Bandar Imam Petrochemical Complex (B.I.P.C.)
Nader Mokhtarani*
Mohammad
Reza Alavi Moghaddam**
Babak Mokhtarani***
Reza Rezaee*
Siroos Naserian****
*Jahesh Kimia Company
**Faculty of
Environment and Civil Engineering, Amir Kabir University of Technology
***Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran
****Bandar Imam
Khomeini Petrochemical Complex
Abstract
Bandar Imam Khomeini
Petrochemical Complex (BIPC) which is located in the southwest of
The aim of this
study was to optimize different functional elements of the industrial wastes in
BIPC. In the first stage of the study, quantitative and qualitative analyses of
the industrial solid wastes were done. The obtained results showed that the
main industrial wastes of BIPC were sludge, oil, and polymers with the weight
percentages of 40, 24, and 21.5, respectively. Because of the different types
of products and the diversity of industrial residues, waste management in BIPC
is quite a complex task. In most cases, recycling the wastes seems to be the
best option; however, treatment and disposal are also necessary. According to
the obtained results, more than 58 percent of the total wastes can be sold to
the accrediated recycling factories. By the implementation of integrated solid
waste management in BIPC, the environmental impacts of the wastes will be
minimized.
Key words: B.I.P.C.,
disposal, hazardous waste, industrial waste, waste generation
The study of environmental issues of the new town of Pardis and the presentation of managerial approaches
Nasser Moharramnejad
Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic azad University
E-mail: [email protected]
Mohsen Malvandi
Faculty
of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
Abstract
Due to the absence of environmental assessment and
the long and simultaneous construction and settlement activities of the new
town of Pardis, the inhabitants confronted many
difficulties including the following:
In this study, in addition to investigating the
existing environmental conditions, some managerial alternatives are presented
which can help remove the difficulties and prevent them in future.
Key words: new town,
environmental pollution, environmental, managerial
The governments’ responsibility and commitment with regard to the environment
Ali
Vafadar
Research Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
Abstract
Modern
industrial activities which
cause losses and threats to the environment of
countries are usually done by
the active private sectors, so they should be responsible for
inflicting such losses. Therefore, the international
rules and regulations
pertaining to the private
sector’s responsibility is one
of the important
aspects of the
law making project
of the International
Laws Committee.
The serious point to be considered is that certain funds
should be set up to pay reparations for such losses. This can be done in
different ways. One solution is to create responsibility for the countries
issuing the license for these activities. It is clear that the combination
of private and
state responsibilities is one of
the important problems which
requires a proper solution. And this can lead to a change in the international
responsibility for the environmental losses.
Key words: responsibility, governments, international, loss, compensation, environment
Farhad Dabiri*
Majid Abbaspour*
Reza Maknoon*
Bita Azadbakht*
*Faculty of ---------------, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Abstract
Today the
world is increasingly confronted with two important approaches of planning and
environment to sustainable development. Hence, the emergence of a new term:
Environment Law, part of which being the planning laws. Development requires
devising strategies, making policies, and preparing plans (long-term, mid-term,
and short-term) based on a country’s ideals, capabilities, and environmental
considerations.
A review
of the six pre-revolution construction plans and the four post-revolution
development plans shows that the place of the environment law is enhanced in
the process of preparing the planning laws and ratifying them.
The study
of the post-revolution development plans reveals that environment whose status
was poorly reflected in just one note (note 13) out of the 52 notes in the
first development plan is enhanced to one of the six main topics in the fourth
development plan, i. e., “environment conservation,
land use planning, and regional balance”.
Of the
total 161 articles of the fourth development plan, 15 articles pertain to the
environment and in another 14 articles, the importance of observing the
environmental issues is considered by the law-makers. Yet, the fourth plan
itself shows that there is a long way ahead towards the optimal situation.
The steps
taken are indicative of moving in a rather successful path in terms of
incorporating the environmental considerations into the development plans for
the attainment of a sustainable development. Thorough success, however,
requires the full implementation of the plans.
It should
be acknowledged that the realization of all the environmental goals mentioned
in the developmental plans, particularly the fourth plan having an
environmental orientation, calls for such elements as strengthening the
fundamental substructures, coordinating the environmental issues, enjoying the
national will and determination, and preparing the grounds for the public
(specially the NGOs’) cooperation. The fifth development plan should be a
manifestation of such crucial elements. In the meantime, we should seek to
prepare a long-term plan for the country’s sustainable development.
Key
words:
strategy, main policies, planning laws, environment
The effect of high salinity on the
growth and survival of parthenogenetic Artemia of lagoons around Urmia and Ghom lakes
Nahid Khalili*
Hossein Emadi*
Hossein Negarestan**
*Faculty of
Marine Sciences and Technology,
**Iranian
Fisheries Research Institute
Abstract
The
present study was designed to examine the effect of increased salinity on the
growth, survival, reproductive characteristics, and life-span of two
populations of parthenogenetic Artemia
living in the lagoons around the lakes of Urmia and Ghom. For culture, 25-liter glass aquariums were used.
Because of the different degrees of salinity, adaptations were made in the
first 10 days of culture; that is, culture started from 100 ppt
and ended with the targeted salinity. During these ten days, five samples were
taken randomly in six repetitions from each salinity type and the concentration
of salt in each type was measured daily.
The
results showed that the survival rate of Artemia
decreased with increased salinity and, in general, the survival rate of Artemia in
Key
words: Artemia,
parthenogenetic, Urmia, Ghom, growth, survival
A
comparative study of the effect of physical and biological barriers on noise pollution
reduction in the area between
Nour and Sisangan forest parks
*Leila Fathi Najafabadi
*Abbas Esmaili
Sari
*Mahmood Ghassempoori
* Faculty of
Natural Resources and Marine Sciences,
Abstract:
In this study, 5 stations were selected and the amount of
sound reduction by biological and physical barriers were measured and compared
to that of the control station. These barriers consisted of broad leaves cover,
evergreen cover, plain wall, porous wall, and fences with vegetation
cover. The control station was a field
without any barriers.
The results of the vstudy showed that the plain wall was
the most effective and the porous wall was the least effective barrier for the
insertion loss. Moreover, it turned out that to have the standard sound level,
the distance from the road should be 80 meters for the control station and the
porous wall, 40 meters for the plain wall, and 60 meters for the other types of
barriers.
Key
words: noise pollution,
noise barriers, equivalent sound level,